Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of paddy farmers
From: Sustainable farming management: key factors and impact on paddy yields in Malaysia’s granary areas
Demographic variables | MADA | KADA | IADA-BLS | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Female | 11.4 | 2.7 | 5.6 | 6.9 |
Male | 88.6 | 97.3 | 94.4 | 93.1 |
Age | ||||
20–29 | 7.3 | 9.5 | 3.9 | 7.4 |
30–39 | 16.5 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 15.2 |
40–49 | 14.9 | 16.9 | 14.6 | 15.6 |
50–59 n | 28.6 | 24.1 | 31.5 | 27.5 |
60 and above | 32.7 | 33.7 | 35.4 | 34.2 |
Education level | ||||
No education | 1.3 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 |
Religious school | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
Primary school | 12.4 | 20 | 20.7 | 17.1 |
Lower secondary school (PMR/SRP/LCE) | 25.4 | 33.6 | 23.0 | 27.9 |
Higher secondary school (SPM/MCE/SPVM) | 50.2 | 28.1 | 40.4 | 39.7 |
STPM/DIPLOMA/SIJIL | 9.5 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 9.3 |
Bachelor and above | 1.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 2.0 |
The area of cultivated rice fields | ||||
Small scale | 67.3 | 18.0 | 45.5 | 43.9 |
Medium scale | 26.0 | 50.5 | 37.1 | 37.7 |
Large scale | 6.7 | 31.5 | 17.4 | 18.4 |
Household income | ||||
B1 | 79.0 | 63.7 | 86.0 | 74.9 |
B2 | 6.3 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 6.5 |
B3 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 5.1 |
B4 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 2.8 | 4.3 |
M1 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 3.0 |
M2 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 |
M3 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 |
M4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
T1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
T2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
Involvement in paddy production | ||||
Fulltime | 76.8 | 97.6 | 94.4 | 88.6 |
Part time | 23.2 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 11.4 |
Experience in paddy cultivation | ||||
Less than 10 years | 40.6 | 42.0 | 23.6 | 37.3 |
11–20 years | 23.2 | 29.5 | 26.4 | 26.3 |
21–30 years | 22.9 | 15.6 | 19.7 | 19.4 |
More than 30 years | 13.3 | 12.9 | 30.0 | 17.0 |