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Table 4 Programme theories under the knowledge pathway

From: A rapid realist review of household gardening interventions for improving vegetable consumption in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)

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Programme theory as ICMO statements

Supporting studies

K1

If a household provided with agricultural inputs (I) has prior experience working in agriculture or vegetable gardening (C), then higher levels of self-confidence (M) can enable better management of gardens (O)

[32, 37, 39, 42]

K2

If the provision of capacity building on establishing and maintaining vegetable gardens (I) adopts community-based approaches such as organising, demo gardens, feedback sessions, and mobilisation of community facilitators (C), then the increased opportunities for resource-sharing, knowledge exchange, and enhanced sense of community (M) can enable better knowledge of gardening skills (O)

[31, 32, 38, 39, 41,42,43,44,45, 47, 48, 50]

K3

If the capacity building on establishing and maintaining household gardens and nutrition education (I) is directed to women, especially those with higher literacy rates and educational level (C), then the increased sense of responsibility in household meal preparation coupled with higher self-confidence (M) can enable the sustained management of vegetable gardens (O)

[30, 32]

K4

If households maintaining vegetable gardens (I), participate in nutrition education sessions that introduce the benefits of vegetable consumption (C), then the increased sense of responsibility for the health of household members (M) can result in the consumption of produce from the vegetable garden (O)

[33, 36, 37, 44,45,46, 48]