Table 3 Descriptive statistics of the variables used

CSI

6.324

5.604

7.375

−1.770^***

FCS

49.819

50.184

49.819

0.900

HCI

0.207

0.233

0.169

0.064^***

Primary livelihood source

 Wage employment

0.169

0.161

0.181

−0.020

 Farming

0.861

0.879

0.835

0.044^***

 Nonfarm business

0.253

0.227

0.291

−0.064^***

 Head is male

0.965

0.973

0.954

0.020^**

 Spouse bargaining power

0.003

−0.021

0.038

−0.059^*

 Nonfarm income (MWK)

212,402.00

235,893.40

178,049.60

57,843.78^**

 Household size

5.109

5.118

5.096

0.023

 Years of education

7.792

7.995

7.495

0.500^***

 Age of head (years)

41.057

41.175

40.885

0.290

 Family labor

0.989

0.991

0.986

0.005

 Hired labor

0.274

0.259

0.296

−0.037^**

 Wealth

0.016

0.013

0.021

−0.008^**

 FISP

0.109

0.097

0.126

−0.029^***

 Non-FISP fertilizer

436

663.083

103.915

559.168

 Agricultural extension

0.591

0.635

0.526

0.110^***

 Credit access

0.343

0.335

0.358

−0.023

 Daily market

0.294

0.276

0.307

0.030^**

 Urban residence

0.109

0.099

0.125

−0.027^***

Region of residence

 Northern region

0.237

0.385

0.020

0.364^***

 Central region

0.352

0.355

0.349

0.006

 South region

0.411

0.261

0.631

−0.370^***

N

4337

2542

1795