Table 1 Definition of exogenous variables used in the model
Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
Head is male | A dummy variable (1/0) representing male-headed household |
Matrilineal landholding | A dummy variable (1/0) representing land owned by a household under a matrilineal system of marriage |
Spouse bargaining power | A composite variable comprising education, age and income differences between the household head and spouse formulated using principal component analysis (PCA) |
Nonfarm income | Nonfarm income in Malawi Kwacha (MK) |
Household size | Number of members in a household |
Years of education for the head | Number of years that the household head stayed in school |
Age of head | Age of a household head in years |
Family labor | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household used family labor in agricultural production |
Wealth | Asset index created using PCA |
Hired labor | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household used hired labor in agricultural production |
FISP | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household received government subsidized fertilizer |
Unsubsidized fertilizer | Quantity of unsubsidized fertilizer in kilograms |
Agricultural extension | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household received extension services |
Credit | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household accessed credit |
North | A regional dummy (1/0) indicating if the household is in the northern region |
Central | A regional dummy (1/0) indicating if the household is in the central region |
South | A regional dummy (1/0) indicating if the household is in the southern region |
Wage employment | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household head’s main employment involves wages |
Farming | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household head is a farmer |
Nonfarm business | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household head’s main occupation is nonfarm business |
Day market | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household has access to a day market in the community |
Urban | A dummy variable (1/0) indicating if the household resides in an urban area, compared to a rural area |