Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals through participatory research: long-term impacts of farmer participation on sustainable land use and livelihoods in Honduras

Table 4 Agricultural practices by CIAL membership category in Sulaco, Victoria, and Yorito municipalities from surveys administered in 2013 (n = 218)

	Old CIAL member (n = 68)	New CIAL member (n = 66)⁺	Non-CIAL member (n = 84)	p value*
Use of organic fertilizers (%)	33 (48.53%)	16 (24.24%)	8 (9.52%)	< 0.001^a,b,c
Mulch (%)	57 (83.82%)	54 (81.82%)	50 (59.52%)	0.001^a,b
No slash and burn agriculture (%)	55 (80.88%)	46 (69.70%)	51 (60.71%)	0.027^a
Use of organic insecticides (%)	33 (48.53%)	19 (28.79%)	5 (5.95%)	< 0.001^a,b,c
Living barriers (grasses) (%)	42 (61.76%)	20 (30.30%)	13 (15.66%)	< 0.001^a,b,c
Rock barriers (%)	28 (41.18%)	17 (25.76%)	19 (22.62%)	0.033^a
Trees within plot (%)	48 (70.59%)	36 (54.55%)	26 (30.95%)	< 0.001^a,b
Live fence (%)	43 (63.24%)	30 (45.45%)	26 (30.95%)	< 0.001^a,c
Intercropping (%)	52 (76.47%)	40 (60.61%)	35 (41.67%)	< 0.001^a,b,c
Crop rotations (%)	46 (67.65%)	50 (75.76%)	37 (44.05%)	< 0.001^a,b
No tillage (%)	64 (94.12%)	48 (72.73%)	59 (70.24%)	0.001^a,c
Minimal tillage (%)	17 (25.00%)	21 (31.82%)	5 (5.95%)	< 0.001^a,b
Grain storage (%)	64 (94.12%)	53 (80.30%)	57 (67.86%)	< 0.001^a,c
Seed saving (%)	51 (75.00%)	30 (45.45%)	41 (48.81%)	0.001^a,c

⁺ Two new CIAL members did not respond to these questions
^*p values are for Pearson’s chi-square for proportions
^aOld CIAL member versus non-CIAL member different to p < 0.05 with Pearson chi-square test
^bNew CIAL member versus non-CIAL member different to p < 0.05 with Pearson chi-square test
^cOld CIAL member versus new CIAL member different to p < 0.05 with Pearson chi-square test

ISSN: 2048-7010