Longer food miles of beef under self-insufficiency and halal requirements

Table 5 Convergent validity and reliability of constructs and manifest variables

Construct (Latent variable)	Indicator (Manifest variable)	Indicator loadings	Cronbach's alpha	rho_C	rho_A	AVE
Urbanisation	Urbanisation_1	0.893	0.78	0.87	0.87	0.69
	Urbanisation_2	0.927
	Urbanisation_3	0.648
Behaviour	Behaviour_1	0.613	0.81	0.87	0.82	0.57
	Behaviour_2	0.761
	Behaviour_3	0.847
	Behaviour_4	0.840
	Behaviour_5	0.701
	Behaviour_6^a	–
	Behaviour_7^a	–
Insufficiency	Insufficiency _1	0.733	0.89	0.92	0.90	0.61
	Insufficiency _2	0.825
	Insufficiency _3	0.844
	Insufficiency _4	0.722
	Insufficiency _5	0.753
	Insufficiency _6	0.787
	Insufficiency_7	0.789
Halal	Halal_1	0.899	0.95	0.96	0.95	0.81
	Halal_2	0.905
	Halal_3	0.933
	Halal_4	0.919
	Halal_5	0.939
	Halal_6^a	–
	Halal_7^b	0.817
	Halal_8^a	–
FoodMiles	FoodMiles_1	0.946	0.67	0.75	0.93	0.53
	FoodMiles_2	0.751
	FoodMiles_3^a	–
	FoodMiles_4^a	–
	FoodMiles_5^a	–
	FoodMiles_6^a	–
	FoodMiles_7^b	0.362

^aDropped from analysis because they are unreliable (Cronbach's alpha, rho_A, rho_C values are out of threshold) and not valid (AVE values are also out of threshold); ^b Changed from FoodMiles_7 to FoodMiles_3, from Halal_7 to Halal_6
Source: Authors (original)

ISSN: 2048-7010