Table 3 Research Inquiries for each indicator of construct

1

Longer food miles of beef (FoodMiles)

a. Tolerance of imported beef under self-insufficiency provided halal labels is available (FoodMiles_1)

Under beef self-insufficiency, I purchase imported beef or beef from imported cows, provided the beef has a halal label/certificate

b. Tolerance on the longer distance of beef trips in case of self-insufficiency (FoodMiles_2)

It does not matter to me if the trip distance of imported beef or imported cows' beef is far away, provided the beef can fulfil domestic demand

c. Persistence of consumption of beef from a longer distance regardless of their environmental impacts (FoodMiles_3)

In the case of beef self-insufficiency, I will purchase imported beef or imported cows' beef regardless of the negative environmental impact of longer food miles (e.g., pollution and emissions from energy use for transport fuel and cold chain use)

d. Treatment of animal welfare for longer food miles (FoodMiles_4)

In the case of beef self-insufficiency, live cows imported by Indonesia must fulfil animal welfare requirements before being slaughtered

e. Tolerance of country of origin in case of self-insufficiency (FoodMiles_5)

It does not matter if imported beef or imported cows' beef comes from other countries, provided it can fulfil domestic demand

f. Persistence of purchasing imported beef or imported cows' beef despite the domestic availability of other sources of animal protein (FoodMiles_6)

Under beef self-insufficiency, I keep purchasing imported beef or imported cows' beef even if alternative sources of animal protein (e.g., fish, eggs, lamb/goat meat, and chicken) are produced domestically

g. Persistence of purchasing imported beef or imported cows' beef regardless of their impact on the local/national economy (FoodMiles_7)

Under beef self-insufficiency, I would purchase imported or imported cows' beef regardless of their impact on the local/domestic economy

2

Self-insufficiency (Insufficiency)

a. High costs of production and distribution (Insufficiency_1)

The costs of domestic production and distribution of cattle and their products are high

b. Smallholder farming (Insufficiency_2)

In general, cattle in Indonesia are grown individually by small-scale farmers (smallholders)

c. Low productivity of farming (Insufficiency_3)

The productivity of Indonesia's cattle farming could be higher

d. Animal disease (Insufficiency_4)

Indonesia’s cattle farming encounters animal disease

e. Domestic beef deficit (Insufficiency_5)

The domestic supply of beef is in deficit (i.e., consumption is larger than supply/production)

f. Ineffective agricultural policy (Insufficiency_6)

Ineffective agricultural policy causes beef self-insufficiency in Indonesia

g. Poor governance of the beef market (Insufficiency_7)

Along the beef supply chain, poor governance (unhealthy business climate) causes beef self-insufficiency

3

Consumption behaviour (Behaviour)

a. Consuming habit (Behaviour_1)

Consuming beef is my habit

b. The consciousness of beef consumption risk and benefit (Behaviour_2)

I am aware of the risks and benefits of beef consumption

c. The expectation of beef quality (Behaviour_3)

I expect that the beef that I consume is of high quality

d. The expectation of health effects of beef (Behaviour_4)

The beef I consume contains the necessary nutrition for health

e. An attitude of beef characteristics (Behaviour_5)

The beef characteristics (e.g., flavour, texture, aroma) are better than other animal meat

f. Beef consuming lifestyle (Behaviour_6)

I like consuming beef due to lifestyle factors

g. Beef consumption due to moral and affection factors (Behaviour_7)

I consume beef due to consideration of moral and affection factors

4

Halal requirements (Halal)

a. Alive animal before slaughtering (Halal_1)

The animals must be alive before slaughtering

b. Muslim and trained slaughtermen (Halal_2)

Persons slaughtering the animals must be Muslim and trained

c. Reciting the name of the Muslim's God before slaughtering (Halal_3)

The slaughtermen should recite the name of Muslims' God (Allah): bismillahi rahmanirrahim (opening sentence in the Quran meaning in the name of Allah)

d. Application of animal welfare (Halal_4)

Animals to be slaughtered must be treated humanely according to animal welfare principles

e. Use of sharp knife/ machete for slaughtering (Halal_5)

A sharp knife/machete must be used for slaughtering to cut the appropriate blood vessels of the slaughtered animal

f. Abattoirs certified/accredited for halal (Halal_6)

Abattoirs must be certified/accredited for halal

g. Beef certified/labelled for halal (Halal_7)

The beef must be certified/labelled as halal

h. Healthy and non-injured animals (Halal_8)

The animals to be slaughtered should be healthy and do not have injuries before slaughtering

5

Urbanisation (Urbanisation)

a. Urban residence (Urbanisation_1)

I live in an urban region

b. Modern market availability in the city of residence (Urbanisation_2)

Modern markets (hypermarkets, supermarkets, and mini markets) are available in my region

c. Beef purchasing in the modern market (Urbanisation_3)

I purchase beef in the modern market