Table 1 Constructs and their indicators in the present study

1

Longer food miles of beef

a. Tolerance of imported beef under self-insufficiency providing the halal labels are available

[14, 40, 116]

b. Tolerance of the longer distance of beef trips in case of self-insufficiency

[15, 89]

c. Persistence of consumption of beef from a longer distance regardless of their environmental impacts

[69, 101]

d. Treatment of animal welfare for longer food miles

[33, 105]

e. Tolerance of country of origin in case of self-insufficiency

[15, 89]

f. Persistence of purchasing imported beef or imported cows' beef despite the domestic availability of other sources of animal protein

[11, 49, 105]

g. Persistence of purchasing imported beef or imported cows' beef regardless of their impact on the local/national economy

[28, 83, 96]

2

Self-insufficiency

a. High cost of production and distribution

[3, 49, 85, 98, 104, 108, 109]

b. Smallholder farming

c. Low productivity of farming

d. Animal disease

e. Domestic beef deficit

f. Ineffective agricultural policy

g. Poor governance of the beef market

3

Consumption behaviour

a. Consuming habit

[32, 66]

b. The consciousness of beef consumption risk and benefit

c. The expectation of beef quality

d. The expectation of health effects of beef

e. An attitude of beef characteristics

f. Beef consuming lifestyle

g. Beef consumption due to moral and affection factor

4

Halal requirements

a. Alive animal before slaughtering

[33, 40]

b. Muslim and trained slaughtermen

c. Reciting the name of the Muslim's God (i.e., Allah) before slaughtering

d. Application of animal welfare

e. Use of sharp knife/ machete for slaughtering

f. Abattoirs certified/accredited for halal

g. Beef certified/labelled for halal

h. Healthy and non-injured animals

5

Urbanisation

a. Urban residence

[23, 76, 107, 111]

b. Modern market availability in the city of residence

c. Beef purchasing in the modern market