Table 4 Summarized effects of moringa products on poultry performance, gut health, and product quality

Leaf extracts

Cobb 500 broilers

0, 60, 90, and 120 ml/L via drinking water

Enhanced growth performance, feed utilization, some haemato-biochemical, carcass yield, meat quality, gut health, and bone parameters

[49]

Seed extracts

Cobb 500 broilers

0, 60, 90, and 120 ml/L via drinking water

The level of 94.75 ml/L enhanced carcass yield, meat quality, gut health, tibia weight, tibia breaking strength, and calcium and phosphorus levels

[48]

Leaf meal

Wenchang chickens × Rugao Yellow layers

0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g/kg diet for 42 days

Improved yolk colour and antioxidant capacity, and decreased feed conversion ratio and abdominal fat index

[50]

Stem meal

Sansui ducklings

0, 20, and 40 g/kg diet for 63 days

Enhanced performance, shape index, serum superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, it reduced yolk colour, serum total protein, and albumin but had no improvements in some egg quality parameters

[51]

Leaf meal

Japanese quail

0, 25, and 50 g/kg diet for 35 days

Increased overall weight gain. However, no effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, physiological, and meat quality parameters

[16]

Seed meal

Hy-Line layers

0, 10, 30, and 50 g/kg diet for 56 days

Reduced feed intake, body weight, the rate of lay, egg weight, albumen height, and palmitoleic acid. Enhanced yolk colour and linolelaidic acid but had no changes in the saturated fatty acid profile of the eggs

[52]

Leaf meal

Hubbard broilers

0, 60, 90, 120, and 150 g/kg diet for 35 days

Increased meat pH levels, water holding capacity, breast muscle mass, tibia bone weight, ash percentage, and density indices

[53]

Leaf extract

Hubbard broilers

0, 60, 90, 120, and 150 ml/L via drinking water for 42 days

Enhanced weight gain and feed efficiency, with no impact on visceral organs and carcass yield

[54]

Leaf meal

Hubbard broilers

0, 60, 90, 120, 150 g/kg diet for 35 days

Had no impact on feed intake, FCR, and bursa weight, but improved final body weight and intestinal structure

[55]

Pod meal

Hy-Line layers

0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg diet for 56 days

Enhanced egg yolk β-carotene, quercetin, selenium, crude protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus. However, reduced serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glucose, and cholesterol levels

[56]

Leaf meal

Hy-Line layers

0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg diet for 56 days

50 g/kg improved yolk colour, albumen height, and Haugh unit during storage but did not affect laying performance

[57]