Livelihood training, food production, and food security among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh

Tran, Andy; Fang, Theresa; Oranga, Beryl; Kopper, Ryan; Kang, Yunhee

doi:10.1186/s40066-024-00504-1

Agriculture & Food Security

Table 5 Multivariable analysis of the association between livelihood activities and rCSI (A) HDDS (B) and livelihood activities

From: Livelihood training, food production, and food security among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh

Characteristics	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	P value	Adjusted OR¹	95% CI	P value
A. High Reduced Coping Strategy Index
Number of livelihood activities
1 increase	0.43	0.33–0.55	< 0.001***	0.43	0.33–0.56	< 0.001****
Livelihood activity
Farming (Ref: No)	0.41	0.22–0.76	0.01*	0.41	0.21–0.77	0.01*
Livestock production (Ref: No)	0.33	0.14–0.81	0.02*	0.29	0.11–0.72	0.01*
Wage labor in agriculture (Ref: No)	1.07	0.61–1.88	0.80	1.20	0.67–2.14	0.54
Wage labor in non-agriculture (Ref: No)	0.75	0.44–1.28	0.30	0.85	0.49–1.49	0.58
Self-employment in agriculture (Ref: No)	0.47	0.18–1.20	0.12	0.52	0.20–1.36	0.18
Other skilled self-employment (Ref: No)	0.73	0.34–1.57	0.42	0.73	0.33–1.61	0.43
Salaried/Professional job (Ref: No)	–	–	–	–	–	–
Driver/rickshaw puller (Ref: No)	0.85	0.38–1.94	0.70	0.93	0.40–2.16	0.87
Cash/Food for work (Ref: No)	0.13	0.08–0.23	< 0.001***	0.15	0.08–0.25	< 0.001***
Government/NGO assistance (Ref: No)	0.41	0.24–0.68	< 0.001***	0.43	0.25–0.72	0.001***
B. Low Household Dietary Diversity Score
Number of livelihood activities
1 Increase	0.87	0.76–0.99	0.03*	0.87	0.77–1.00	0.05*
Livelihood activity
Farming (Ref: No)	0.57	0.34–0.98	0.04*	0.57	0.34–0.98	0.04*
Livestock Production (Ref: No)	0.29	0.10–0.86	0.03*	0.30	0.10–0.86	0.03*
Wage labor in agriculture (Ref: No)	1.12	0.78–1.62	0.53	1.16	0.80–1.68	0.44
Wage labor in non-agriculture (Ref: No)	1.03	0.72–1.48	0.86	1.07	0.74–1.55	0.72
Self-employment in agriculture (Ref: No)	0.80	0.51–1.27	0.35	0.81	0.51–1.30	0.38
Other skilled self-employment (Ref: No)	0.64	0.41–0.99	0.05*	0.66	0.42–1.03	0.06
Salaried/Professional job (Ref: No)	0.86	0.51–1.46	0.58	0.88	0.51–1.50	0.63
Driver/rickshaw puller (Ref: No)	0.70	0.43–1.15	0.16	0.73	0.45–1.19	0.21
Cash/Food for work (Ref: No)	0.76	0.48–1.22	0.26	0.76	0.47–1.23	0.27
Government/NGO assistance (Ref: No)	1.25	0.91–1.73	0.17	1.24	0.89–1.71	0.20

OR Odds Ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, REF Reference Group
^*0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; **0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
¹Adjusted for head of household sex, disability status, educational attainment, and marital status, and household side size and gender

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