Table 2 Summary of recent food security studies from a gender perspective

[55]

Senegal (Aw), interviews, participatory activities, observations, and questionnaire (Q)

Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI),

The study emphasises the need for more evidence-based, gender-sensitive VCD (Value Chain Development) initiatives in various situations and at levels of analysis. Future advancement in inclusive economic development depends on knowing the circumstances in which VCD can benefit women and other marginalised groups to make marginalised men and women food secure

Value chain; food processing; women’s empowerment; development; gender; nutrition; dietary diversity; food security; religion; Senegal

[6]

Review of previous studies

–

Most studies have focused on women's decision-making power and asset ownership in agriculture to improve nutrition and food security at the household level. A positive correlation has existed between women's empowerment and food security

Food security: Women’s empowerment: Systematic review: Review studies

[4]

Nigeria (Aw) Ordered probit model estimates

–

This finding provides key policy insights into how the national government and development entities can promote food security and female empowerment. Women must be sufficiently empowered to ensure food security in their households

Gender; economic resources; dietary diversity; nutrition; ordered probit

[76]

Bangladesh Af, Am, Cwa, Structured questionnaire PLS-SEM model

HFIAS represents a universal field of food insecurity experienced in various cultural contexts

According to the results, women with access to their legal and familial rights, participate in household decision-making, have access to ICT services, and live in areas with better infrastructure have significantly less food insecurity

Agency; food security; rural Bangladesh; structural equation modelling; women's empowerment

[61]

Bangladesh, Af, Am, Cwa, Philippines, Af, Am, Aw Benin Aw and Malawi Cfa

pro-WEAI + MI, a metric developed to measure women’s and men’s absolute and relative empowerment along value chains

To ensure that measures “do no harm” and do not intensify already-existing gender bias, it is suggested that initiatives aimed at empowering women in food systems and value chains consider the social and cultural contexts in which these food systems operate

Gender: Women’s empowerment; Market inclusion; Value chains; Food systems

[75]

–

–

This study argues that because women are crucial to the resilience and sustainability of agriculture and food systems, discussions of food systems in developing countries must be framed through a stronger gender lens. Women are essential to functioning food systems because they are the primary food producers and household caregivers

Food security solutions; Food systems; Gender equality; Gender lens; Resilience; Sustainability

[40]

–

–

According to their assessment, women generally have less access to family labour and fundamental agricultural technologies. Innovative approaches are nevertheless required to combat the new threat posed by a changing climate

N.A

[7]

Azad Jammu Kashmir (Cwa) Tundra type and Structured interview and PLS-SEM approach was used

–

The statistical analysis allowed for modelling the outcome (food insecurity) as an attribute and the dimensions of women's empowerment as underlying explanatory variables

N.A

[3]

–

WEAI

The study evaluates women's decision-making power related to 1) productive resources, 2) agricultural management, and 3) agricultural income

N.A

[47]

Used both quantitative and qualitative research under CCAFS framework Kenya, Af, Am, Aw, Uganda, Aw, Senegal, Aw, Bangladesh, Af, Am, Cwa, Columbia, Cfa Nicaragua Am

Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) approach to measuring gender and climate change issues

Lessons from this synthesis indicate the continued need to support these participatory “action research” methodologies, test new technologies, strategies, policies, tools, and methodologies, and co-learn with partners in the field. Use of innovative technology like mobile phones for dissemination of knowledge/awareness

Gender gap; agricultural development; climate change; development; adaptive capacity; resilience; vulnerability

[18]

Bangladesh, Am, Cwa, Nepal Cfa and Tajikistan Csa quesstionnaire (Q)

WEAI (IFPRI and OPHI)

The study analysed the causal relationships between women's empowerment and access to and food availability. It indicates the existence of a diversity of patterns and the diversity of roles that socio-economic structures play in shaping these patterns across countries. They emphasise the necessity for food security programmes to have a truly intersectional strategy that supports overcoming the institutional barriers that make marginalised sectors insecure

Food security; women’s empowerment; gender; intersectionality; multi-country analysis; mixed-methods study

[33]

Tanzania, Am, Aw Structured questionnaire (Q)

Women’s Empowerment in Livestock Index (WELI)

A mixed methods approach was chosen to address the complexity of the connections between empowerment, food security, and nutrition security because it offers an in-depth understanding of how these connections developed according to the respondents and a quantified measurement of these connections

Women’s empowerment; household food security; maternal and child diet diversity

[8]

Pakistan Bwh

Qualitative approach

The findings indicate that women's farm experience is the primary factor influencing how they perceive and adapt to climate change. Women with more farm experience are better at diversifying their holdings, managing their finances, and dealing with the negative effects of climate change concerning women with limited farming experience

Women’s perceptions; Coping strategies; Climate change; Heckman model