Table 4 Negative effects of some anti-nutritional factors present in phytogenic products on poultry performance

Tannins

i) Bind proteins and inactive digestive enzymes resultant in reduction of protein digestibility

ii) Increase liver proteolysis activity and reduced body weight

[53]

Trypsin inhibitors

Promote loss of amino acids and pancreatic enzymes lead to suppression of growth performance in chickens

[51]

Fibres

i) Reduce the digestibility of nutrients and increase the sizes of gastro intestine tract

ii) Increased digesta viscosity by causing gelling in gut

[54]

Saponins

Inhibit digestive enzymes lead to reduction in nutrients absorption and indigestion-related health disorders

[55]

Oxalate

i) Reduce bioavailability of minerals be it calcium

ii) Impaired protein and energy digestibility

[56]

Phytate

Affects bioavailability of calcium and micronutrients (iron, copper, and zinc)

[57]

Non-starch polysaccharides

Increase viscosity of small intestinal chyme especially on growing or fattening chicken resulting in reduced nutrient utilisation, depress weight gain, and promote wet and sticky droppings

[58]